This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), organic (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield and its component) and quality (grain protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil organic carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, grain protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the organic agricultural system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the organic agricultural system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the organic and sustainable agricultural system was application of organic matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a wind-integrated power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

Due to the stochastic nature of wind energy, allocating an appropriate investment incentive for wind generation technology (WGT) is a complicated issue. We propose an improvement on the traditional incentive, known as capacity payment mechanism (CPM), to reward the wind generators based on their performance exogenously affected by the wind energy potential of the location where the turbines are installed, and therefore, lead the investments towards locations with more generation potential. In CPM, a part of investment cost of each generator is recovered through fixed payments. However, in our proposal, wind generators are rewarded according to dynamic forecasts of the wind energy potential of the wind farm where they are located. We use an auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) model to forecast the wind speed fluctuations in long-term while capturing the auto-correlation of wind velocity variation in consecutive time intervals. Using the system dynamics (SD) modelling approach a competitive electricity market is designed to examine the efficiency of the proposed incentive. Performing a simulation analysis, we conclude that while a fixed CPM for wind generation can decrease the loss of load durations and average prices in long-term, the proposed improvement can provide quite similar results more efficiently.

This paper addresses a new concept for optimizing the power flow in a multilateral open access power system. Using a full AC power flow in this optimization permits the system operator to determine the optimum feasible system operating point based on predefined transactions and contracts Introduction of fuzzy constraints to contracts for difference will increase the system flexibility to face with changes in operating conditions. The proposed approach is tested on IEEE RTS 24-bus network with satisfactory results.

Flexible AC Transmission systems (FACTS) have been proposed in the late 1980s for providing the necessary electrical power system requirements. FACTS are used for controlling the power flow and improving the stability of the power system. Interline power Flow Controller (IPFC) is a versatile device in FACTS family; it is one of recently developed controllers in FACTS family, which has the capability to simultaneously control the power flow in two or multiple transmission lines. This paper is tackling the IPFC performance in power systems; it aims to discuss the availability to define a known scenario for the IPFC performance in different systems. The introduction is supported with a brief review on IPFC, IPFC principles for operation, and IPFC mathematical model. IEEE 14-bus and 30-bus systems have been chosen as a test power system; for supporting the behavior study of power system, which is equipped with IPFC device. Three different locations have been chosen to give variety of system configurations to give effective performance analysis.

Nowadays renewable energy resources have been experiencing rapid progress in electric power networks all over the world. As a result, it is important that these clean electrical power resources be utilized for power generation in the modern power systems in the planning and operation studies. However, the uncertainty related to these energy resources and their intermittent nature result in some challenges when integrating into the power networks. The reliability of power systems is affected when the penetration level of these intermittent renewable power generations is signifi cant. In this regard, this paper introduces an analytical technique to study the adequacy of a power system containing signifi cant tidal power generation. For this purpose, a multi-state reliability model of a tidal plant considering both failure rate of composed components and variation in the generated power arisen from variation in the tidal current speed is developed. At fi rst, an equivalent reliability model considering failure effects of composed components is obtained. Then Fuzzy-C-means clustering method is applied for reducing numerous values of the output power of the plant. For determining the optimum number of states in the model, XB index is calculated. The proposed multi-state model is then used for adequacy studies of RBTS and IEEE-RTS and the related indices of these systems in the presence of tidal units are evaluated.

This paper presents a novel approach for fault type estimation in power systems. The Fault type estimation is the first step to estimate instantaneous voltage, voltage sag magnitude and duration in a three-phase system at fault duration. The approach is based on time-domain state estimation where redundant measurements are available. The current based model allows a linear mapping between the measured variable and the states to be estimated. This paper shows a possible for fault instance detection, fault location identification and fault type estimation utilizing residual analysis and topology error processing. The idea is that the fault status does not change measurement matrix dimensions but changes some elements of the measurement matrix. The paper addresses how to rebuilt measurement matrix for each type of faults. The proposed algorithm is shown that the method has high effectiveness and high performance for forecasting fault type and for estimating instantaneous bus voltage. The performance of the novel approach is tested on IEEE 14-bus test system and the results are shown.